Pro Essay Writers

Pro Essay Writers Essays come in several sorts â€" narrative essays, descriptive essays, expository essays and the persuasive essay. Teachers can assign any of these at a given time for a sure subject, and often point out the factors needed to be discussed for your assignment. Bear in mind that an essay is not completed once it’s written. Even professional writers make structural errors or typos. We have a big group, not even a single writer has beneath grasp’s diploma. Spending more than sixteen years in schooling, all the writers have robust grip on internet research, writing styles and paper writing. Very few writers master this skill as is is a really unique sort of writing consisting of various and particular referencing kinds, not easy to deal with. Our tutorial writers are very skilled and have full data about all the different types of writing. They are themselves the gold medalists of their academic career. We make sure that our consumer is fully satisfied and happy with the work, and we take it as our responsibility to complete the academic task with one hundred% accuracy. Experience and qualification in a key to high quality paper resulting in flying grades. We assure you'll get good grades after using our service. Do not wait and hit on, ‘order’ to unlock doorways of your success. With in depth experience and numerous background in creating numerous projects, Essaymama.com, identified to be a reliable writing firm is just your best option. We are joyful to inform you that our group by no means furnishes shoppers with pre-write papers. That are replicated from prior requests or the Internet. Our high quality chief thoroughly checks your request for inventiveness and faultlessness. Students at all times seek some professional writing as they discover writing an essay a challenging task. If you wish to write a successful essay that grabs the reader’s attention. Almost all service suppliers rent workers who're trained to proofread texts and proper any errors. Make sure the agency you choose provides such a service. Choosing an thrilling matter for an essay and making a related outline are two challenging steps in writing. Legit essay providers permit you to discuss these points with the writer immediately via emails, chat, or phone calls. If it’s not an excessive amount of hassle pay attention to that, you are in control of furnishing our writers with a hundred% unique content material for modifying, altering or modifying. The reason for selecting Academic Writing Pro is that it is the best essay writing service in the USA. Students across the USA and the rest of the world are taking it as a proven method for succeeding. Check their policies to see whether or not they supply direct communication or not. In finding an essay writing consultant, you'll be able to never go incorrect in selecting Essay Mama on your course work. Forget concerning the quality, it's our duty. Eats, Shoots and Leaves is a humorous and tongue-in-cheek e-book that approaches punctuation, grammar and writing suggestions in humorous situations. In spite of the rise of recent media and new methods of instructing, there may be nonetheless house for the standard methodology of studying in school rooms. One of the issues that we don’t see going away quickly are writing assignments.

Best Essay Writing Service

Best Essay Writing Service The most superior research of writing, PhD applications can require between 4 and 6 years to finish. Like undergraduate levels, students choose from a specialization in English. Example specializations embody rhetoric and composition, inventive writing and literature. PhD applications are aggressive as they offer college students the chance to conduct original scholarship and position themselves for tenure-observe positions at the university level after commencement. Keep in thoughts your quotes too, you need to have one quote per paragraph or two . It really is up to the person although, I have a buddy who writes considerably less than I do, but is able to get his level across. What you’re taught is usually a general rule to shoot for, not a rule set in concrete. Your teacher felt that 7 paragraphs was a good quantity for the essays you wrote for her, but it doesn’t at all times have to be that means. My academics at all times taught by eight paragraph essays, but 5-paragraph essays usually lie precedent to the extra superior or larger essays. I'd like a versatile program that has a curriculum in skilled and enterprise writing. I'm thinking about a career in writing, however do not know the place to get began. I wish to find a short-time period program that introduces me to the foundations of writing, provide skill-based training, and be helpful if I continue professionally. A writer develops a distinctive voice, is memorable, weak and makes connections. But unfortunately, they have submitted the paper after the deadline we've mentioned. My daughter has suffered lots due to the delaying submission. Thus I wish to put this into attention for individuals who are pondering to purchase from right here. A writer begins a project, writes daily, gets the draft accomplished, edits and hones, incubates ideas, edits some more, will get feedback and makes every word rely. But jumping from project to project and finishing none is as futile as by no means starting. Not every thing you write must be for the general public area, but if you are a writer, some of it ought to get completed. After one day the device name is turnitin shows me essay is 85% distinctive. Reviewed By Kamal Seth on 13 Jun, They are a giant sensible thief, when i reached edubirdie plagiarism checker to check my essay just before at some point of submission. I purchase that service because i am afraid of submission. Reviewed By Liam Brown on thirteen Sep, I placed an order, they stated they would ship my essay inside 42 hrs so that i had time in hand in case i needed any changes to be made. Reviewed By Joanna Wright on 19 Dec, I actually have just lately purchase history task paper from edubirdie for my sister, who's finding out in 9th normal. These packages require between one and two years of full-time study to complete and will require a thesis or ultimate project to graduate. Throughout this system, college students craft a writing portfolio they can use as a constructing block to employment or future studies. I'm a working media professional, however need to boost my writing expertise. Reviewed By Cheryl Betts on 15 Feb, Is it okay for you to pay 1000's of dollars for poor high quality work? Then edubirdie might just be the best firm for you. They not only used irrelevant data in my paper but in addition cited the sources in an incorrect format. On average for a five-paragraph essay, I write round 1, phrases. For an eight paragraph essay, I write around 2,000-2,600 words on the doc. We can both enhance your writing before your trainer sees the work, or make corrections after. is a degree-certified journey nurse who loves the thrill of combining work and travel. Between assignments, he writes, contributes to numerous blogs on health and health and likes to keep fit. Students must write and submit a two- to 3-page assertion of objective that describes their expertise, education and why they wish to earn an MFA in writing. Doctoral applications in writing are for college kids who want to work in academia as students and educators on the college level. Put the cellphone in another room or turn off notifications. Shut down the wifi connection on your laptop computer while you’re writing or write by hand. Don’t examine social media 5 instances in an hour set aside for writing. Don’t have your phone three inches from you, able to react to every text or message straight away. Reviewed By Deep Kor on 04 May, One of the most important issues that I had confronted was not assembly all the factors in the required file, their author did not take note of the required file .

How To Write An Essay

How To Write An Essay Writers Per Hour respects deadlines and is supplied to write papers quickly. Writing an essay, research paper or term paper is not any joke. It takes days of planning, research and writing to ship a high-notch paper. It definitely isn’t one thing you can end in a single day. Tried calling them however the helpline was unavailable on a regular basis. Our term paper was less than passable and never value an A. The writing type was not appropriate for the academic level we ordered it for. However, we can say that it was correctly formatted, nicely referenced and delivered throughout the deadline. Writing 1,500 phrases will take about 37.5 minutes for the common author typing on a keyboard and 1.three hours for handwriting. However, if the content needs to include in-depth research, links, citations, or graphics corresponding to for a blog article or highschool essay, the length can develop to five hours. Choose a good author â€" all of it begins with deciding on an expert that's proper in your order. Every order we obtain is unique and that’s how we deal with them. When you attain out to Writers Per Hour to rent individuals to write down papers, you possibly can count on to get your needs met. If you’re panicking about this as a result of you could have a submission in 24 hours, don’t fear. Each essay is different and require roughly paragraphs relying on the knowledge you need to provide in the writing. I think the five paragraphs for an essay is more of a rule-of-thumb quantity that is straightforward to show college students when they are first studying to write. Your instructor was just attempting to make sure you understood tips on how to write, not offer you a rule you needed to all the time obey. When viewing an electronic version of a scholar paper in MicroSoft Word, the precise word depend can be easily determined. It is smart to me and that's how I’ve at all times accomplished it. I assume five paragraphs is an efficient quantity to shoot for when writing, however it isn’t a tough-quick rule you have to hit every time. You need them to have plenty of experience and be knowledgeable about the matter at length. This means, there ought to be no discrepancies with the work that your trainer would query. I was taught essays should be 7 paragraphs lengthy, not 5. My instructor mentioned 3 central paragraphs by no means gives sufficient element to the topic, so we must always write 5. Once I positioned the project order, they delayed the supply of my project till it was a day previous the submission deadline. They not only missed the project submission deadline, but in addition delivered a paraphrased project. I came to learn about this after I checked my friend’s copy . All they did was text rewriting using some low-cost paraphrasing device. I am not going to advocate this service to any of my pals. Some analysis assignments require college students to incorporate the word rely of their paper. So, the next time you wish to get assist from somebody to put in writing a paper, you know where to return. You will discuss to the writers solely, who may be not nicely-versed in your matter. I actually have to confess that this is the worst support I even have ever seen. Reviewed By Ava Robinson on 01 Apr, I had an urgent project submission deadline. Every time I called, my call could be stored on maintain. Reviewed By Kylie Anderson on 19 Sep, I hired edubirdei for my maths project and was very disappointed with their project. They have a coverage where you possibly can ask for a refund if you are not happpy with their delivered assignment. I tried to do the dame when I was delivered an misguided maths paper stuffed with mistaken options however I couldn't get the refund.

Writing A History Essay

Writing A History Essay Bibme free for students and the chapter and the reference apa create an apa fashion paper format pointers. Reporting a broadcast by the reference as other routinely generate and the viewers at 12pm on creator writer s. The template includes particulars on creating APA compliant charts layouts footnotes and extra. American Psychological Association APA fashion is a commonly used document format for tutorial and research papers. The summary appears because the second page of your paper. So using the example above the in text quotation would seem like this Gaskin et al. Authors need to critically assess the completely different elements of the manuscript and choose these which are sufficiently important to deserve inclusion within the abstract. Abstract A brief and concise abstract of your paper 39 s contents. apa Apa reference abstract creator nbsp bibliography generators which supply types like APA and MLA. You want simply to choose your requisite bibliography format i. APA 7 APA Manual 7th edition The most notable adjustments Raimo Streefkerk Jul APA doesn't specify a particular font or measurement simply that it have to be legible. Use just one space at the end of every sentence in the body of your paper. More than 20 requires that the first six author be listed followed by three ellipsis points durations then the last creator see p. Directly to the right of it you 39 ll see the web page quantity which ought to be quot 2 quot . APA format is the official writing and publication style of the American Psychological Association APA and is usually used to quote sources in psychology training and the social sciences. With BibGuru you can quickly add all the sources for your paper and make citations in APA MLA Harvard Chicago and thousands of different quotation styles. While MLA is the easiest paper format usually met at school degree APA is the most common format utilized throughout the social sciences. When doubtful a few rule examine the sixth version APA type handbook rather than relying on this template. You can see an example under the abstract in this APA Style pattern paper. apa abstract generator Page numbers are inserted flush proper while the title of the paper written in UPPER CASE is inserted flush left. Below your abstract paragraph indent as though you were beginning a brand new paragraph. The APA quotation fashion uses in text citations and a reference listing. It describes the analysis downside methods results and conclusions of your analysis. APA formatting is a set of rules and guidelines for styling your paper and citing your sources. Pagination The summary begins on a new web page page 2 . Online paperwork journal articles APA formatting is required for some educational paperwork. gt May Very few circumstances call for citing an abstract. With specific directions and formatting based on nbsp Guide to writing an abstract for a science truthful project. Credit This sample APA fashion paper belongs to University of Washington writing and research heart. We have also written an article on how to write abstracts. May To see an instance verify an APA quotation generator free by PapersOwl. Be Thorough in Your APA Title Page Format with our APA Title Page Maker Our title page for APA generator ensures that every one your hard work is mirrored first from the presentation of your title web page. The arXiv abstract generator was initially developed by Oded Regev for use by the open entry journal Theory of Computing. edu An APA quotation generator is a software program software that can automatically format tutorial citations within the American Psychological Association APA type. Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for MLA APA and Chicago Turabian citation kinds. It is advisable to incorporate the abstract when dealing with a comparatively long paper that has many sections and runs over eight pages long. quot researchers have proven quot is acceptable for the literature evaluate and the description of the process if the dialogue is of past events. Abstract If you are asked to write down an abstract normally phrases the heading Abstract might be centered and seem on the top of p. This lawyer did not know that in the future he would win the most important case of his life. The people round should also concentrate on your likes and dislikes not to be a nuisance without their data.

Home Based Essay Writing Service

Home Based Essay Writing Service In the same method, fraud cases should have guidelines related to it. The company also offers multi-mode buyer's drawback-solving choices. These embody chatting by way of text or talking over the cellphone. This is only potential due to a fully educated customer service group that works round the clock. Therefore, we have to analyze whether the corporate has an unbiased staff for handling buyer grievances or not. This will assist us to identify how critical the corporate is when it comes to buyer satisfaction. Writing a paper has been a common task given by professors to evaluate college students' data and writing capacity. To get pleasure from scholarships, emphasis on writing has elevated significantly. The appearance of the web site â€" The firstly criteria you should think about stays the looks of the web site and its pages. It consists of not solely the format but additionally the content. For instance, this can be accomplished by asking the testimonials of the employees. By reading these testimonials, we are able to perceive the artistic and succesful abilities of the person. The privateness must also be taken critically and how nicely it's maintained. For example, whether a non-disclosure agreement is signed or not, the repercussions and actions are taken if the privacy is violated. Customer centricity is the nerve heart for any firm to thrive. The numerous insurance policies must be mentioned clearly, which builds a sense of confidence and belief. Here we should observe the policies offered by the corporate in case there's an ant dispute and how well it is managed. A clear understanding of refund and cancellation insurance policies must be taken under consideration. The complaint decision must also be checked in case of a failed transaction. Data policy should point out about customer privateness and the steps taken by the corporate in stopping on-line frauds. The firms that ask for too many access, corresponding to cellphone books, media galleries, search historical past, computerized password saving options, saving web cache, etc. shouldn't be considered. The paper writing service websites having captcha option ought to be thought-about because it prevents theft, fraud, or hacking. Lastly, checking the professional best essay writing service reviews which are unbiased or not prejudiced. When we speak about staff members, we will ask for basic background particulars such as academic skills, years of service, monitor data. The appearance of the web site should enticing and up-to-date. The language should be clear, concise, and grammatically correct. The web site can even present automatic chat bot, which acts as a information for drawback-fixing and quick links to the involved issues. Necessary actions must be taken, which sticks to resolve the problem of the shopper on a warfare footing foundation. A nicely-trained workers team must be provided to efficiently handle the customer's queries before they place an order and take correct notes on the client's necessities. whenever we buy something from the market, we scrutinize each minute element before making a purchase order. In the identical method, few issues must be stored in mind before finalizing a particular paper writing service. Terms and circumstances should be assessed totally before making any payment. As the financial system is transferring towards digitalization so the corporate which provides varied payment platforms should be thought of. Independent service surveys such as the web promoter strategy is a perfect tool to measure customer-centricity. Tight schedules, deadlines, and difficult assignments have amounted to stress in the lives of students.

Find An Essay Writer For Your Task In 3 Minutes Now

Find An Essay Writer For Your Task In 3 Minutes Now A technically sound author with voluminous experience in Science, Math, Economics, Statistics, and so forth. We pride ourselves in an on-time delivery of the work. The neatest thing to do is to be available when the final model of the task ought to arrive. Your work might be sent out two hours AT THE LATEST before the deadline by the assigned writer from this writing company. Simply begin your essay order by using our specially designed order type to send us all the small print about your piece of work. From there, we take your directions to put in writing an essay just the best way you need it. We’ll review your instructions and get in touch to confirm every little thing with you and clear up any questions we'd have. Our aim is to make sure professional credibility and provide you with qualified essay assist you possibly can trust. The author adopted my directions completely and produced a wonderful piece of work. I ordered a plan to help me with a tough query I wasn't positive where to start. I used the plan to write down my full essay and it worked great, gave me every little thing I wanted to understand. I guess Im just not superb at describing people. This was the first time I needed to do a classification essay and I was simply at a loss. Your private data will be used only to inform you concerning the writing course of and deliver your order on time. All of papers you get at Papernow.org are meant for analysis purposes only. QUALITY ASSURANCE Every paper is reviewed for plagiarism and grammar mistakes before delivery. We guarantee to deliver 100% authentic customized writing without mistakes and plagiarisms. Revisions are attainable during 2 weeks after the order delivery. EssayPro essays are NOT intended to be forwarded as finalized work as it is just strictly meant to be used for analysis and study functions. EssayPro doesn't endorse or condone any kind of plagiarism. When the order is accomplished, you'll be able to download it instantly in the app. If any issues with the paper come up, you'll be able to ask for an unlimited amount of revisions till you are feeling the paper is ready and the decision to buy essay has paid off. With your straightforward-to-use in-app chat, you possibly can maintain in touch with the author. Feel free to cross any last-minute requests or requirements you forgot about to the chosen author. The ability to write down any task type in any area. On Instagram, we share the freshest pupil memes every day! Check out why 18K students worldwide turn to us for skilled help with any project. When you order an essay with us, you're assured to obtain a singular paper written in one of the best traditions of your chosen genre. With us, you don’t need to concern similarities with other work. We take solely an original and contemporary method â€" that's our motto. Write the essay by themselves or order an essay from a service. Of course, you'll be able to persist with the first possibility, but then there may be the question of how long will you've sufficient strength to satisfy the demands of a most course load? A constructive end result may solely occur if you become a robot that doesn't require relaxation. After being double and triple checked, we put together the completed essay for download via your buyer account. We always purpose to deliver your order perfectly on time and with none outstanding points. We encourage you to learn through the essay as soon as attainable to be sure to’re totally happy and don’t feel like anything has been missed. You can send messages to Support and your author to track the progress of your order. Choose type of paper, amount of pages, reference fashion, educational degree and your deadline. We use two plagiarism detection methods to verify every work is 100% unique. Your author will examine the topic to make sure not a single side of it is overlooked. Don’t know the way to avoid plagiarism when paraphrasing? Contact us through Messenger at any time of the day or night, and our professionals will help you incorporate the principle ideas of the writer or source into your paper.

Best Custom Essay Writing Service

Best Custom Essay Writing Service Even essentially the most boring matters are interesting to Chloe in terms of writing. She began as a contract essay writer with us and now she works full-time as a really distinguished writer. Madison merely loves writing and her ardour allows her to put in writing good essays. She can write on quite a lot of topics, making her an asset to the workplace. Our writing specialists have the knack to craft A-grade essays fully from scratch, whatever the difficulty of your subject or your educational degree. Provide us with the small print of your project and specify the deadline for the duty. Please be sure that all important requirements are included to keep away from misunderstandings. We ask the customers to make payments before writers start engaged on the orders to safe our consultants. But if somebody still does not persist with it, the admission officer would, in fact, learn the essay but feel that it is unfocused, is rambling and the editing is poorly done. Some colleges do allow exceeding the limits of frequent utility essays, but in doing so, it creates a negative impression about you as a pupil. You can either use a credit card or pay via PayPal. Once you fill in your order and make a payment, you'll be able to focus on your paper necessities along with your preferred writer. You can also submit any materials you might have and communicate with them often to ensure your essay is ideal. At the alternative extreme, other college students specific solely personal opinions with little or no researched proof or examples taken from other writers to help their views. Other students write the introduction after they've written the main body of the essay â€" do no matter feels right for you and the piece of labor you are writing. You are always welcome to contact our Support Team. Essay writing services like Academic Writing Pro ensures assured outcomes. No one and we consider you also like to stay at the prime. Essay writing services work in your behalf when you might enjoy holidays or visit your folks. You can describe here about a transition that had led made a shift from negativity to positivity. Explain how did that change happen, what did you follow on moving in the direction of positivity and concentrate on explaining the specific step which kept you rising. The concluding statement on this software essay should signify the constructive nature you have since that realization and the gist must say about your maturity. The size of the essay is decided for a selected purpose, as talked about earlier. It also can encompass the way you view your self now since after you had that realization. It can be one thing that you might have carried out or one thing that triggered you to understand that truth . The key point here is to explain how this case brought a change in you and enriched your understanding about yourself and others. It should cover since when and how did growth happen as an individual, at a private degree. Even if you didn't do nicely all these years in college, we guarantee that with our help, you'll create the most effective paper in your class. The main focus of your application is on your tutorial achievement, however right here, whereas writing a regular essay software, you'll be able to write about your private growth and maturity. You can discuss an event which sparked your period of personal growth. This could have helped in creating an understanding for yourself and others. It can be the journey from the point of realization until today or the way you were earlier till the point of realization. We urge you to speak along with your writer and furnish him or her with all the information you need to incorporate into or keep away from from a paper. Kindly observe that your correspondence with the person writer is rarely charged also. Be that as it might, the writer can’t be an open day in and time out. On the off likelihood that you simply might need to make any inquiry amid the essayist’s non-business hours. Have the most effective professional author assigned to complete your paper. Communicate with the writer and the support group in the means of essay completion to ensure your instructions are adopted. We ensure any kind of paper might be written, proofread, in addition to edited according to your necessities and delivered earlier than the deadline you set. If you could have completed the paper or have just began working on it, our expert writers can edit or full the paper based in your draft. Needless to say that this takes time and expertise of greater than a thousand of specialists. And we're 100% positive that every of them is doing his finest to make sure quality providers on every stage. To be sure that you get a wonderful grade that you just deserve, we solely trust the writing to extremely qualified and skilled writers. They all have Masters' or Ph.D. degrees from prime universities in the USA, the UK, and other English-speaking international locations. A thesis is, perhaps, an important project for college students.

How Do I Find An Online Essay Writer? <P><

How Do I Find An Online Essay Writer? < If your paper is of low high quality , we even have a refund option. We’ve been helping college students to handle educational writing for years. Our quality assurance staff also checks all the papers before supply to make sure that they're one hundred % unique. Our team members write analysis papers for you in any subject, on any subject, and at any grade degree. Some students lack experience in order that they need to spend so much of time to produce a decent piece of writing. I hold a Maters diploma in Business Administration from the University of Toronto and presently enterprise a PhD in Sustainability. I even have more than 6 years of work expertise as a author and content material editor in media companies. I have additionally worked for worldwide improvement organizations leading various analysis tasks. Our essay writers supplies giant number of apt school essay prompts to choose from. To tell the truth, the method of number of the proper candidates is very complicated. We hire solely those candidates who cross all of the writing and analysis tests, which show they're better of the most effective of skilled writers. A custom paper is written from scratch, in accordance with your guidelines, feedback, and concepts. Every order is analyzed, the ideas are outlined, and then the draft is written. Our writers know the way to compose such papers underneath the time constraints. Their background permits them to craft good papers for our customers. Ask for essay writing assist by making an order at our web site. Fill the form giving information about your academic level, the topic and the subject of the task, the number of pages, and don't forget to say the deadline. Once we see your request, we are going to evaluate it and submit the appropriate author to implement your homework. Who is aware of, perhaps you'll even become associates with considered one of our writers. If you ask each scholar within the lecture corridor, you’ll realize that almost all of them depend on faculty essay writer for pay. That’s how they address the huge levels of stress imposed by academic writing tasks. All our specialists have degrees within the specified subject area and are qualified to write for tutorial functions. They have a superb command of the English language and at least three years of professional expertise as a author. Our writers often compose pupil assignments in the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles. However, they'll also apply the other types utilized in tutorial and scholarly writing. So, remember to specify what your assignment necessities concerning the formatting type are. Our writers don't borrow the concepts from the literature with out correct quotation. Some college students lack writing expertise and make too many grammar mistakes, so they're in search of someone who can proofread their papers. No matter what your problem is, you possibly can always ask BuyEssayFriend for help. Our experts will write a paper based on your directions, using the proper citation format and reliable sources. With our assist, your papers will at all times be unique and interesting to read so you will finally get the grades you deserve. For such instances, we have a particular revisions policy, and that means our writers will work in your project until you are fully satisfied. You can also change your author in case you are not happy with the one that was assigned to you. You can benefit from the experience, information, and experience of our writers, too. All you need to do is fill in a simple order kind and submit it. If you get stuck during that process, contact an agent for any information you want. Of course; the author will write a paper based mostly on your directions. However, you’ll additionally see a sensible example of how the essay writing process works. Our professional school essay writers write 100% distinctive content material. There’s no such thing within the content material we deliver to our customers. Anyway, we promise we'll do our greatest to maintain relationships with you. We accurately and exactly choose skilled essay writers, using them.

Great Essay Writing In 8 Steps

Great Essay Writing In 8 Steps A website that is properly maintained when it comes to features and person-pleasant should be given extra choice. In case of any difficulty, the website can be simply referred to. A web site that's frequently crashing or is hacked by hackers or it asks too many access isn't an indication of an excellent web site. The firm, which is frequently investing in its maintenance and up-gradation, is extra dependable. Generally, the team engaged in such a survey is different from the team that does the writing work so the shoppers' complaints might be handled in an unbiased manner. Mostly the survey part is outsourced to a third party. This will help in understanding the needs and demands of the customer, which can in turn ensure great outcomes. After the work is completed, a small suggestions have to be taken from the client and the writer so as to keep away from any miscommunication. When we mention a wonderful paper writing service, we contemplate the company whose web site has a clear possibility and set guidelines to observe in case of any dispute. For instance, when the coed or customer faces issue in reaching out to the employees, then the precise details of the way to get in touch ought to be talked about. In the identical manner, fraud circumstances ought to have tips associated to it. The company additionally offers multi-mode buyer's drawback-fixing options. These embody chatting by way of text or talking over the cellphone. This is just potential because of a totally educated customer support team that works around the clock. The website can even provide automated chat bot, which acts as a information for downside-fixing and quick hyperlinks to the involved issues. They match the document with the order's calls for and align the content accordingly. A set deadline is to be mentioned for the writer to set a tempo and other specifications. These embody the variety of pages required, the font measurement, the language problem stage, and the kind of jargon for use. Therefore, the need for skilled writers arises as it becomes straightforward to get wonderful assignments, which can guarantee good grades and better future elements. We additionally must verify the tutorial skills of the writer as it will give us an understanding of what stage of data does he or she possess. If the author is conversant in the topic and more than one particular person approaches with the same subject, then he must be efficient sufficient to make the content material differ. Also there must be readability between the writer and customer. A examine on reliability will give you assurance regarding your money in addition to high quality over other issues. This side covers two important factors, data and expertise. It is essential to know what are the skills of the group members and since when are they dedicated to this field. What an skilled worker will present, the identical won't be supplied by a brisker. Hence, by knowing this we could have readability of what are we on the lookout for and then opt for their services. This would help in figuring out whether or not it matches under your criteria. When these minute adjustments occur they're higher able to perform at workplace which helps in securing their job. This works positively and hence will increase job satisfaction. A quality check is then carried out by the website's writers â€" These editors check the doc thoroughly for plagiarism, grammatical errors and different points. In addition to that, it also permits the reader to do research in-depth concerning the given subject by using the research you've used for writing the academic paper. However, there are some unwritten guidelines about the sources you should use, in addition to the format you need to use whereas writing the bibliography and they're as follows. This issue must be thought-about and might come via previous experiences of other individuals. You can go together with some companies who have worked on your pals or household or can examine essay writer critiques on the internet earlier than deciding. Necessary actions must be taken, which sticks to resolve the issue of the customer on a war footing foundation. The varied policies should be mentioned clearly, which builds a way of confidence and trust. Here we should always observe the policies provided by the company in case there may be an ant dispute and the way nicely it's managed. A properly-trained employees staff have to be offered to efficiently deal with the shopper's queries earlier than they place an order and take proper notes on the client's requirements. A company offering such surveys will help identify the effectivity of the employees and help enhance the parameters during which the company is lagging.

Aussie Essay Writer

Aussie Essay Writer Others function like Uber, pairing determined students with out there writers. Either method, the identities and places of both the writers and the scholars are masked from view, as are the universities the assignments are for. Mary Mbugua, a Kenyan college pupil, working at her pc. We aim to keep up a status of trustful and dependable essay writing service. We respect your privacy and maintain it in strict confidentiality. That’s why we have reasonably priced costs so that each scholar can get well-written papers on any topic. We only work with professional essay writers and properly-trained customer support representatives who've the necessary abilities and experience. We are pleased with our writing staff, and we received’t disappoint you. Ms. Mbugua has made money by writing tutorial essays for college college students in the United States. It is not clear how extensively websites for paid-to-order essays, generally known as “contract dishonest” in greater schooling circles, are used. Cath Ellis, a leading researcher on the topic, mentioned tens of millions of essays are ordered online yearly worldwide. A Facebook group for academic writers in Kenya has over 50,000 members. We solely work with seasoned tutorial writers with significant experience in writing for college students. College Writers is aware of how a lot you care about your grades and educational success. That is why we guarantee the best high quality of your essay assignment for the shortest possible time. We can also present an urgent paper of any issue degree. Each time I was pleased as a result of my grades had been excessive. Well, the surest approach to discover out is to put an order, after all. On the opposite hand, it’s understandable that you wouldn't want to risk your money and time on a company you’re not acquainted with. So, listed below are some pointers that usually point out a dependable service â€" you shouldn't have any downside figuring these out earlier than putting your essay order. First, when trying to buy an essay online, you will discover lots of websites that give you to obtain papers in just a few clicks. While this resolution seems to be the quickest and the easiest one, it ought to be avoided by all means possible. For starters, you'll be able to by no means make sure what you might be paying for - any preview will include the intro solely. The paper could match your matter, however it can be written for a special level. These days, it’s hard to find a pupil who has by no means heard about an essay author service. Millions of essays ordered yearly in an unlimited, worldwide industry that provides enough revenue for some writers to make it a full-time job. I used the companies of this essay writing company 3 times. A authorities loan and aunts and uncles helped her pay for school. But she also worked, landing in an workplace of 10 writers completing different folks’s assignments, together with these of American college students. The boss stayed up all night time, bidding for work on a number of websites, and then farmed it out within the morning. Some of the web sites operate like eBay, with patrons and sellers bidding on particular assignments. We are prepared that can assist you even in essentially the most important state of affairs along with your thesis. The perfect answer for the problem will certainly be found. If you attempt to google something like “purchase essay online” or even “do my homework for me”, you will see hundreds of return results. Here, the most important challenge is to determine which services are worth contacting and which internet sites to avoid. Let’s try and briefly explain the difference between the 2. You’ve already discovered the most effective customized essay writing service that there is. We by no means disclose your private knowledge to any third events. Essay writing assignments may be a troublesome and time-consuming experience. Finishing your essay or research paper may be really hard in case you aren't acquainted with the topic. You need to a observe a strict essay guideline and use solely formal educational language. Besides, you ought to outline an essay in a properly-structured concise manner.

Aussie Essay Writer

Aussie Essay Writer Others function like Uber, pairing determined students with out there writers. Either method, the identities and places of both the writers and the scholars are masked from view, as are the universities the assignments are for. Mary Mbugua, a Kenyan college pupil, working at her pc. We aim to keep up a status of trustful and dependable essay writing service. We respect your privacy and maintain it in strict confidentiality. That’s why we have reasonably priced costs so that each scholar can get well-written papers on any topic. We only work with professional essay writers and properly-trained customer support representatives who've the necessary abilities and experience. We are pleased with our writing staff, and we received’t disappoint you. Ms. Mbugua has made money by writing tutorial essays for college college students in the United States. It is not clear how extensively websites for paid-to-order essays, generally known as “contract dishonest” in greater schooling circles, are used. Cath Ellis, a leading researcher on the topic, mentioned tens of millions of essays are ordered online yearly worldwide. A Facebook group for academic writers in Kenya has over 50,000 members. We solely work with seasoned tutorial writers with significant experience in writing for college students. College Writers is aware of how a lot you care about your grades and educational success. That is why we guarantee the best high quality of your essay assignment for the shortest possible time. We can also present an urgent paper of any issue degree. Each time I was pleased as a result of my grades had been excessive. Well, the surest approach to discover out is to put an order, after all. On the opposite hand, it’s understandable that you wouldn't want to risk your money and time on a company you’re not acquainted with. So, listed below are some pointers that usually point out a dependable service â€" you shouldn't have any downside figuring these out earlier than putting your essay order. First, when trying to buy an essay online, you will discover lots of websites that give you to obtain papers in just a few clicks. While this resolution seems to be the quickest and the easiest one, it ought to be avoided by all means possible. For starters, you'll be able to by no means make sure what you might be paying for - any preview will include the intro solely. The paper could match your matter, however it can be written for a special level. These days, it’s hard to find a pupil who has by no means heard about an essay author service. Millions of essays ordered yearly in an unlimited, worldwide industry that provides enough revenue for some writers to make it a full-time job. I used the companies of this essay writing company 3 times. A authorities loan and aunts and uncles helped her pay for school. But she also worked, landing in an workplace of 10 writers completing different folks’s assignments, together with these of American college students. The boss stayed up all night time, bidding for work on a number of websites, and then farmed it out within the morning. Some of the web sites operate like eBay, with patrons and sellers bidding on particular assignments. We are prepared that can assist you even in essentially the most important state of affairs along with your thesis. The perfect answer for the problem will certainly be found. If you attempt to google something like “purchase essay online” or even “do my homework for me”, you will see hundreds of return results. Here, the most important challenge is to determine which services are worth contacting and which internet sites to avoid. Let’s try and briefly explain the difference between the 2. You’ve already discovered the most effective customized essay writing service that there is. We by no means disclose your private knowledge to any third events. Essay writing assignments may be a troublesome and time-consuming experience. Finishing your essay or research paper may be really hard in case you aren't acquainted with the topic. You need to a observe a strict essay guideline and use solely formal educational language. Besides, you ought to outline an essay in a properly-structured concise manner.

Aussie Essay Writer

Aussie Essay Writer Others function like Uber, pairing determined students with out there writers. Either method, the identities and places of both the writers and the scholars are masked from view, as are the universities the assignments are for. Mary Mbugua, a Kenyan college pupil, working at her pc. We aim to keep up a status of trustful and dependable essay writing service. We respect your privacy and maintain it in strict confidentiality. That’s why we have reasonably priced costs so that each scholar can get well-written papers on any topic. We only work with professional essay writers and properly-trained customer support representatives who've the necessary abilities and experience. We are pleased with our writing staff, and we received’t disappoint you. Ms. Mbugua has made money by writing tutorial essays for college college students in the United States. It is not clear how extensively websites for paid-to-order essays, generally known as “contract dishonest” in greater schooling circles, are used. Cath Ellis, a leading researcher on the topic, mentioned tens of millions of essays are ordered online yearly worldwide. A Facebook group for academic writers in Kenya has over 50,000 members. We solely work with seasoned tutorial writers with significant experience in writing for college students. College Writers is aware of how a lot you care about your grades and educational success. That is why we guarantee the best high quality of your essay assignment for the shortest possible time. We can also present an urgent paper of any issue degree. Each time I was pleased as a result of my grades had been excessive. Well, the surest approach to discover out is to put an order, after all. On the opposite hand, it’s understandable that you wouldn't want to risk your money and time on a company you’re not acquainted with. So, listed below are some pointers that usually point out a dependable service â€" you shouldn't have any downside figuring these out earlier than putting your essay order. First, when trying to buy an essay online, you will discover lots of websites that give you to obtain papers in just a few clicks. While this resolution seems to be the quickest and the easiest one, it ought to be avoided by all means possible. For starters, you'll be able to by no means make sure what you might be paying for - any preview will include the intro solely. The paper could match your matter, however it can be written for a special level. These days, it’s hard to find a pupil who has by no means heard about an essay author service. Millions of essays ordered yearly in an unlimited, worldwide industry that provides enough revenue for some writers to make it a full-time job. I used the companies of this essay writing company 3 times. A authorities loan and aunts and uncles helped her pay for school. But she also worked, landing in an workplace of 10 writers completing different folks’s assignments, together with these of American college students. The boss stayed up all night time, bidding for work on a number of websites, and then farmed it out within the morning. Some of the web sites operate like eBay, with patrons and sellers bidding on particular assignments. We are prepared that can assist you even in essentially the most important state of affairs along with your thesis. The perfect answer for the problem will certainly be found. If you attempt to google something like “purchase essay online” or even “do my homework for me”, you will see hundreds of return results. Here, the most important challenge is to determine which services are worth contacting and which internet sites to avoid. Let’s try and briefly explain the difference between the 2. You’ve already discovered the most effective customized essay writing service that there is. We by no means disclose your private knowledge to any third events. Essay writing assignments may be a troublesome and time-consuming experience. Finishing your essay or research paper may be really hard in case you aren't acquainted with the topic. You need to a observe a strict essay guideline and use solely formal educational language. Besides, you ought to outline an essay in a properly-structured concise manner.

Strictly Ballroom Movie Review - 550 Words

Strictly Ballroom (Movie Review Sample) Content: NameProfessorTitleDateStrictly BallroomThe Movie STRICTLY BALLROOM is an Australian romantic comedy film that was released in the year 1992. The movie was directed by Baz Luhrmann. The producers were Miramax, M A productions and Touchstone pictures. The major characters in the movie are Paul mercurio featuring as Scott Hastings, Fran (Tara Morice), Doug Hastings (Barry Otto), and Bill Hunter as Barry Fife, just to name a few. The central theme of the film revolves around Scott Hastings, a ballroom dancer from Australia, who by all means struggles to win the Pan-pacific Dance Federation Championship through the development of personal dancing styles. This paper outlines some of the striking elements that make the movie an interesting watch.Some of the most captivating movies are those that compel people to take a chance, no matter the prevailing circumstances or the potential consequences. STRICTLY BALLROOM is a perfect match. In this film, nothing stifles the creativ ity of Scott Hastings and Fran who team up to form a formidable dancing duo. For instance, Barry Fife-the dance federation president-has a firm philosophy against the adoption of new steps and is angered by Scott Hastingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s trial of new dancing steps. Moreover, Liz-Scott Hastingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s partner-leaves for an aging champion who gives judges what they want. Scott Hasting eventually teams up with Fran who is considered an unattractive and inexperienced dancer.Another striking feature that makes the film stand out is the succinct taste of madness and mania that runs beneath the filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s surface. On one side of the divide, the characters are a happy lot who care ... Strictly Ballroom Movie Review - 550 Words Strictly Ballroom (Movie Review Sample) Content: NameProfessorTitleDateStrictly BallroomThe Movie STRICTLY BALLROOM is an Australian romantic comedy film that was released in the year 1992. The movie was directed by Baz Luhrmann. The producers were Miramax, M A productions and Touchstone pictures. The major characters in the movie are Paul mercurio featuring as Scott Hastings, Fran (Tara Morice), Doug Hastings (Barry Otto), and Bill Hunter as Barry Fife, just to name a few. The central theme of the film revolves around Scott Hastings, a ballroom dancer from Australia, who by all means struggles to win the Pan-pacific Dance Federation Championship through the development of personal dancing styles. This paper outlines some of the striking elements that make the movie an interesting watch.Some of the most captivating movies are those that compel people to take a chance, no matter the prevailing circumstances or the potential consequences. STRICTLY BALLROOM is a perfect match. In this film, nothing stifles the creativ ity of Scott Hastings and Fran who team up to form a formidable dancing duo. For instance, Barry Fife-the dance federation president-has a firm philosophy against the adoption of new steps and is angered by Scott Hastingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s trial of new dancing steps. Moreover, Liz-Scott Hastingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s partner-leaves for an aging champion who gives judges what they want. Scott Hasting eventually teams up with Fran who is considered an unattractive and inexperienced dancer.Another striking feature that makes the film stand out is the succinct taste of madness and mania that runs beneath the filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s surface. On one side of the divide, the characters are a happy lot who care ...

The Crisis Of The New Millennium - 1418 Words

In 2007, the United States experienced a crippling recession in the mortgage/real estate field. This crushed the American economy as countless individuals lost their homes due to foreclosure as banks and other various lending institutions were forced to freeze their practices to ensure their survival. While this seemed to happen virtually overnight, there were several factors that served as signs and eventual learning points, providing insight into the cause of the crash. One of the contributing factors to the mortgage crisis of the new millennium is an old age issue that has affected our country for years but has gone largely unnoticed because at times because it has the ability to have a positive or negative affect, consumerism.†¦show more content†¦In response to having an influx of these types of potentials borrowers who were not the most desirable candidates to lend to, the mortgage industry increased the practice of sub-prime lending, another cause of the mortgage crash. This is the concept of approving loans for individuals that are high risk or may have a greater chance of default on the loan. Some defining characteristics of these individuals include: low or bad credit score, low income, debt and no assets. To be fair this practice existed long before the mortgage crisis but was done in moderation and carefully monitored. But as the number of high risk applicants increased, the lending institutions allowed the practice of sub-prime l ending to be practice regularly. While facing pressure from the applicants to provide these loans, many lending institutions also faced pressure from within their own companies. Loan officers who are responsible for overseeing the loan process, began to direct the company underwriters to do whatever was necessary to make the loans successful. The underwriters responded by not accurately disclosing the risk of lending to these types of applicants and the loan closed successfully. This backfired when many homeowners validated their high risk status by being unable to make their loan payments as

Hospitality Industry Knowledge free essay sample

Hospitality Industry Knowledge 1. List six sources of current industry information: Media: Such as newspapers, television, magazines and radio. The media publicises current information, trends developing and any government initiatives. Customers: By doing customer questionnaires this can inform enterprises as to what they need to improve, as well as which staff are working well. Information services: For example the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Tourism NSW (all these services are provided by the government) and provide a whole range of issues within the industry. Internet: Sites such as The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) provide information on environmental issues and trends frequently. Anyone can publish anything on the internet, so it is important to check that the information sourced is credible and correct. Industry Journals: (Also known as trade magazines) are not available from local industries and usually require a subscription, as they are extremely valuable sour ces of current information. Within the either national / international journals hospitality positions are advertised, trends are addressed and practices of various enterprises are shown. Training courses: May either be on-site or off-site, and provide the opportunity for staff to experience specific training in a chosen area. 2. Differentiate between primary and secondary sources of information: A primary source is when information is gathered first hand, whereas secondary source is when the information is gathered from a source that has already conducted the research. 3. Indentify the basic research skills that are required when researching: It is important to recognise that the source is credible and that it is of relevance. . List three channels that may be used to disseminate information once collected: Media, Internet and customers. 5. Explain the importance of updating hospitality industry knowledge: Updating hospitality industry knowledge ensures quality service is maintained and the customer’s needs are constantly being met. 6. Analyse recent government initiatives affecting the hospitality industry: Government initiatives are acts by the government t hat result in a number of impacts on the industry. Promoting Australia’s image overseas: In campaigns such as â€Å"where the bloody hell are you? † and ‘Australia week’ in the USA; and enhances Australians quality of life as well as boosting tourism in regional areas. Australian tourism industry: Over $600 million was allocated to the Australian tourism industry in the 2004/05 federal budget. The government set up a new body in 2004, ‘Tourism Australia’, having $120 million allocated to the body in 2004 in order to market Australia internationally as a holiday destination over the following years. To market tourism within regional areas of Australia, an extra $45 million was allocated. The federal government is now taking on apprentices (New Apprenticeship’s Scheme). This will help with the costs accompanying training new apprentices and offers and encourages employers to take on new enterprises. By introducing these further funds for enterprises, it has also allowed students to take on a part-time apprenticeship whilst attending school, as well as enabling more flexibility for those wishing to pursue a career in commercial cooking. Obesity: This issue has been constantly reported via the media, statistics stating that now over 50% of the Australian population are overweight. This is a result of certain lifestyle changes: individuals are now less active, have increased their consumption of fatty/high energy foods, and often resort to fast food because they believe they do not have enough time to cook themselves. The health problems connected to being overweight have pl aced a lot of pressure on the health system. This has resulted in the government introducing healthy eating campaigns and new school canteen food requirements. Farmer kits: Was launched by the Federal Minister for Tourism in 2003: ‘Farm and Country Tourism on your Property: Assessment Tool’ These kits were for families looking to enter the agricultural tourism industry and enables them to see whether or not their farm is suitable. 7. Explain recent trends in emerging markets and the importance of internet presence for business: The Internet has enabled the hospitality industry to access a wider market, allowing budding customers to view the available products and services of different enterprises, and to make a booking online. Internet booking have increased dramatically over the past few years (due to the ‘technically savvy’ Y-Generation) and has resulted in an increase in competitiveness between hospitality enterprises. 8. Analyse the impact of social issues on the hospitality industry: Some enterprises choose to become involved with the community by doing things such as participating in community fundraising (e. g. providing a complimentary meal) or by contributing left-over food to charities. The obesity epidemic has also caused the hospitality industry to provide healthier menus, so that consumers now have the option of having either fatty or healthier food. Doing so has caused the face of the hospitality industry to change, as they are no longer regarded as selling only fatty foods. Racial tensions were a result of the Cronulla Riots in Sydney. A number of businesses were closed down, and when re-opened were not able to operate due to a lack of customers. Due to an increase in intoxication and binge drinking licensed premises must ensure they do not serve intoxicated people, as intoxicated people are more likely to commit crimes. The government has responded to this by introducing curfews and lockouts within problem areas. They have also raised the price on Alco-pops to discourage young people from drinking excessively. 9. Outline factors that have caused expansion within the industry: Factors that have caused expansion within the industry include: International sporting events: attracts a large number of short-term visitors Cultural events: attract people to specific regions Seasonal influences: increased travel during holidays, in particular the Christmas and summer holiday period New liquor licensing laws: may encourage more small bars to open Medical tourism: hospitality provides forming partnership with hospitals 10. Outline factors that have caused retraction within the industry: An oversupply of facilities after the 2000 Sydney Olympics Incidents (such as war on Iraq, tsunami, SARS) resulted in less abroad people travelling to Australia, although inbound tourism did increase Competition among enterprises caused them to slash their prices (reduced profit) World oil prices increased which resulted in airline tickets increasing and households to restrict their extra spending money (due to increased cost in petrol) Rising food prices caused higher menu prices, which may deter customers from dining out Credit crisis 1. Describe current labour issues and their impacts on enterprises: Labour turnover: Employee’s left with few hours during the quieter months may choose to leave and find alternative employment. The cost of losing / replacing staff members is quite substantial and costs thousands per employee. Shortage of qualified chefs: result of more students staying to year 12 rather t han leaving in year 10 Hiring staff with illegal visa statuses Paid unjustly: a number of employee’s in the industry are unaware of their rights and may be paid lower wages 2. Explain technological issues affecting the hospitality industry: Has improved the delivery of customer service and impacted on the delivery of training Systems and procedures are now more efficient and has reduced many errors and has enabled service to be provided more timely. Addressed skills shortages by allowing individuals to complete training courses in a more flexible environment through registered training organisations on-line.

Women In China Essays (433 words) - Chinese Women, Women In China

Women In China By Confucian theory, the woman is inferior to nearly everyone. She is to do as her husband wishes and in return receives little more than a pat on the back and is told Good job. Women's feet were bound as children, even though it caused severe problems later in life, because it was a sign of nobility. Through out China's history, women have been looked down upon by everyone. Even today, women are not equal to men in the home or work place. Are conditions under which women are treated getting better over time? It doesn't seem that people in China are treating women better than they were two hundred years ago. Women are unfairly laid off by employers in times of economic restructuring and are very often denied rights that have been passed by Legislation. There are many studies regarding unemployment in China. Conservative estimates are that between twenty-five to thirty million people are with out work in China. The staggering statistic is that nearly seventy-five percent of laid off workers were women. This is very illegal. Labor laws in China forbid disproportionate layoffs, but big business doesn't listen. These examples are just a few of many and only pertain to urban women. Women in rural areas are said to be even less equal than urban women. Mostly because of the wide spread poverty in the rural areas of China. Women are not offered the same schooling or job opportunities as men are in these areas. Government programs aimed at helping control poverty are failing quickly because of lack of funding. Studies show that in 1987, between one hundred and fifty and two hundred million women lived in areas designated as poor. This is a frightening number. Why should so many women live in poverty because of the arrogance of employers, so what if she's a girl? China's poor treatment of women isn't getting better. While the government tries to cover it up with false statistics and mislabeling of unemployed women, people are suffering. This doesn't only hurt the women of China, but the innovators of the future. There might be a girl sitting in her one room house in the most rural area in the country with better ideas the most recognized scientist in Hong Kong. The government has at least some power to do something about this major problem but doesn't. Why that is, the world may never know. Bibliography Human Rights in China Employment Threats to Women's Economic Independence http://www.hrichina.org/crf/english/99spring/e15_employment.htm Human Rights in China Rural Women: Less Equal than Urban Women http://www.hrichina.org/crf/english/99spring/e17_rural.htm Governmental Issues

Disruptive and Disruptor

Disruptive and Disruptor Disruptive and Disruptor Disruptive and Disruptor By Maeve Maddox Until recently, the words disrupt, disruptive, disruption, and disruptor were negative words used to describe actions detrimental to perceived social order. For example: Man in Elbow Room Disruption Fights Police, Damages Cruiser Twelve protesters disrupted a speech by Condoleeza Rice at Norwich University in Vermont. Iranian Intelligence Minister Heydar Moslehi has announced the arrest of several â€Å"election disruptors† in Tehran. Ideally, chronically disruptive students should be placed in high-quality alternative education settings where they can receive long-term, intensive interventions In the realm of science fiction, a disruptor is a weapon that can destroy a human being in a very unpleasant manner by disrupting cellular structure. Now, however, thanks to Clayton Christensen, a consultant and an entrepreneur whose 1992 Harvard DBA dissertation describes an academic theory of â€Å"disruptive innovation,† the nouns disruption and disruptor have taken on a positive connotation, at least for some denizens of Silicon Valley: Nowadays every corporate executive wants to disrupt; the word has become a mark of forward-thinking decisiveness- though it is sometimes attached to strategies that are more about cost-cutting than game-changing. And in Silicon Valley, belief in disruption has taken on a near religious tinge. All that disrupts is good; all that stands in disruption’s way (such as, say, San Francisco taxi companies or metropolitan daily newspapers) deserves to perish. –Justin Fox, â€Å"The Disruption Myth,† The Atlantic, October 2014. In this context, disruption refers to the phenomenon of old technology being upstaged by newer technology. This new disruption names a situation in which a company that was the leader in a certain field finds itself losing money because another company, with newer technology, takes the lead away from them. An example given in the Atlantic article is what happened â€Å"when electronic cash registers went from 10 percent of the market in 1972 to 90 percent just four years later,† causing the National Cash Register Company to experience big losses. Six years before Christensen’s dissertation, Dick Foster described the same phenomenon in conventional language in a book called Innovation: The Attacker’s Advantage. In Business-speak, disruption is a new word for innovation. Innovators have become disruptors. Spelling note: Both OED and M-W show the spelling disruptor as â€Å"an alternative spelling† of disrupter, but the -or ending seems to be more common. A Google search of â€Å"disrupter† returns about 429,000 hits to 1,020,000 for â€Å"disruptor.† The Ngram Viewer shows disrupter ahead until 1995, when disruptor pulls ahead. For those readers looking for a synonym for innovation that doesn’t convey the negativity of disruption, here are some possibilities: change alteration revolution upheaval transformation metamorphosis breakthrough new measures new methods modernization novelty creativity ingenuity innovation inventiveness Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to Know8 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesComma After Introductory Phrases

Teenagers would not undergo cosmetic surgery Essay

Teenagers would not undergo cosmetic surgery - Essay Example For example, invention of computers have made people lethargic and has led them to develop different physical conditions like obesity, heart problem, hypertension, back pain etc. Moreover, instead of becoming the masters of technology, human beings have become slave to it. Their capacity to have patience and lead a ‘natural’ life has decreased to a great extent. Hence, instead of making a proper and positive use of scientific advancements, people are taking disadvantage by either using it in wrong way or by overusing it. The most striking example of misuse of scientific advancement is the field of ‘plastic surgery’. Plastic surgery is being misused so much that the main intention of it, which is to correct the deformities in human beings, has gone for toss. What is more concerning is the fact that not only adults but even adolescents have become a victim of misuse of plastic surgery. The media driven world has created havoc in the lives of teenagers and has driven them to take drastic steps in an effort to ‘look’ like their celebrity idols (Freund 225). The cosmetic and TV industry, by showing a false picture of cosmetic surgery, has gripped the teenage mind so strongly that teenagers are going for surgeries without even making efforts to understand the dangers related to it (Freund 225). Hence, it is high time for parents, doctors and counselors to create awareness among teenagers and adults, about the uselessness and life threatening results of cosmetic surgery, by bringing the ‘reality’ in front of them and making them realize that success and happiness depends on the strength of their mind, soul and heart, and not on the way they look. Right to look good Every person desires that he should look good and have a shapely body. The desire to look beautiful, shapely and attractive is more strong and prominent among girls. The desire for beautiful and perfect body not only comes from desire to look like their id ols but also from a desire to ‘fit in’ socially (Lukash 1). Aiming to look beautiful and attractive is not bad at all. According to plastic surgeon Frederick Lukash, it ‘does’ matter how one looks, as looks contribute a lot in acceptance of person by the society (p.1). Physical appearance has become one of the most important aspects of success in life. Good looks increase the possibilities of social acceptance, career growth, getting love in life, and interacting with people without having any inferior complex about looks. Good physical appearance gives great confidence and that is the reason people keep their bodies clean, look tidy, join gyms, spend a lot on wardrobe and try different diets (Lukash 1). People are always in search of different means to look beautiful and to enhance their physical appearance. However, most of the methods help in changing just the outer appearance of the body. Hence, for those people who desire to look great and modify their body structure not just temporarily but permanently, plastic surgery has proved to be a boon. Plastic surgery is encouraged by people who think that everyone has a right to look good because people’s look affects not only their physical appearance but also their emotional and psychological state. Improving confidence Beautiful looks are mostly hereditary in nature. People with beautiful parents are born with beautiful physical features which enhances their looks.

Business Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business Law - Case Study Example the police officer handled the arrest in a harsh manner before confirming that he was indeed the ‘scum’ who was being sort after because of killing a cop. Once, Tyrion is taken to the police, and is handed over to Bolton, the supervising sergeant, all the officers at the police station gave him a hostile reception since they were made to understand that he was ‘Rob Stark’. As Bolton, the supervising sergeant allows Tyrion the right to remain silent, and the right to have an attorney, he is moved to the interview room under close check but his right to attorney is denied because the attorney does not appear during his arrest(Ripstein 200). Apparently, due to his condition at the time of arrest, he suddenly passes out and when he regains consciousness in the hospital bed, he has injures in his body, an indication that he might have been tortured at the police cell. The event of Wednesday night as the comic book night had brought friends together. Never the less, after the comic night these friends engaged themselves in various criminal activities that could lead to arrest (Abbott 95). In this case, Amy Farrah Fowler, ex-jilted lover to Cooper has committed criminal offenses because she is in possession of a stun gun, and she has also managed to cause fire to the adjacent building from where she had caused intimidation to Cooper and Hofstadter by ordering them to undress as gun point and further burning their clothes. Similarly, in defence Hofstadter commits a criminal offense by grabbing the knife that was in possession of Cooper and stabs Fowler in the abdomen four times before he and Cooper run way. Previously, Cooper has used the same knife to stab Fowler in the bid to defend himself and Hofstadter from Fowler’s attack (Abbott 95). In regard to Wolowitz, he has committed a criminal offense because he has willingly accepted to take a date from an undercover female police officer who happens to have disguised herself as a prostitute. Due

Life and Oxygen Essay Example for Free

Life and Oxygen Essay This assignment requires answering questions based on the exhibit â€Å"The Earliest Traces of Life† at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. The exhibit that you are to see is on the right side as you enter the Rotunda from Jefferson Street. Enter the exhibit hall under the dinosaur banner. As you go through this doorway, the exhibit is located to the right. For additional information on the location, hours, ect., go the museum web site at www.mnh.si.edu and click on the Information desk link. Study the exhibit and answer the following questions. Submit your answers in Blackboard. Please view the short movie that comes along with the exhibit. Early Atmosphere 1. How abundant was oxygen in the early atmosphere? The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere was abundant, however, due harmful radiation waves from the sun, photosynthetic systems such as plants were not able to evolve thus leaving the state of oxygen subtle. 2.What evidence do scientists have that the oxygen content of our atmosphere has increased since the earth’s origin? The O-zone layer is composed of 3 oxygen atoms formed after photosynthetic organisms release an extra oxygen molecule into the atmosphere. 2. Why is oxygen more abundant in the atmosphere today? Because of the high amount of plants that produce oxygen which were not here in the early stages of life on earth 3. What are stromatolites? Stromatolites are the bindings of microorganisms on rocks and stones, usually submerged underwater, these rocks are usually used as samples for the earliest signs of life 4. What do scientists think is implied by the presence of stromatolites in Precambrian rock? Scientists would conclude that life was formed underwater and the process of evolution eventually allowed multi-cellular organisms to make their way off the ocean and/or bodies of water. 5. What is ozone and how is it produced? The o-zone layer is the protective layer made of 3 oxygen atoms, it is usually formed by the extra oxygen resulted from a photosynthetic organism. 6. Why is ozone important to life today? Because it protects us from ultra-violet rays from the sun which are extremely harmful and sometimes fatal to all life forms. 7. What effect did increased levels of oxygen in the atmosphere have on early life forms? It caused organisms that were not light and/or oxygen dependent to disappear as mammals and other multi-cellular organisms began to take over.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Essays Papers

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Passage Analysis: First Morning in the Green Castle Sir Gawain plays a significant role in many Arthurian legends in the Middle Ages. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight he is the main hero, a warrior, with the concentration on the upcoming battle, rather than a seducing knight. During Gawain's visit to Bercilak's castle, the host's wife makes three advances to seduce Gawain into an adulterous relationship. With all his will power he tries to ignore advances of the Bercilak's wife. Some of the chivalric values, courage, respect for hospitality, honesty, pride, nobility and courtly love, help Sir Gawain in his query. The latter scenes explore the world of men and the appropriate environment for male chivalric actions. The lord is in the lead, the courageous and most active of the hunters. The bedroom scenes show another world of male-female relationship, where again, the knight proves his noble standing and devotion to true knighthood. Before the daylight, in the morning, the host and his huntsmen set out after the boar. The poet describes in detail how cheerful the all-day-long hunt is, using a lot of details and images: there are men with "mighty bows," brave knights and their flying arrows, a lot of horns and barking hounds. Many hunters fear for their lives but the lord, the bravest of them all and a true knight, shows the example by leading the chase for the boar because it is his duty to be a shining example to his people. "And many feared for their lives, and fell back a little. But the lord on a lively horse leads the chase." [Norton, 1463-1464] In the next scene, the poet turns away from the hunting scene to the Sir Gawain's bedroom in the castle, where he peacefully awakens from sleep. It seems that the poet intentionally positions the bedroom scenes within the hunting scenes: the symbolic hunt juxtaposed with the literal hunt. The lady, the host's wife, carefully enters the room. She sits beside him on the bed and he pretends to be surprised at seeing her here. The passage revolves around the host's wife attempts to seduce Sir Gawain, and he tries to avoid the consequences of such thing happening. She is a real temptress, tests his courtesy, virtue, decency, and a real object of courtly love, but he acts in accord with court's rules of love.

February Action Essay

So, after my great holidays, back to reality. In this case, it meant moving flats. I moved out of my friends’ flat and in with two Mexican siblings, girl (spoilt acting student) and boy (pain in the ass lawyer student). (The statements in this part are highly influenced by later experiences with the two people, I got along with them and their family fine.) And when I moved I found the flat under water. So the first thing I did was spend hours soaking towels. Apart from that the two were always nice to me, the guy was almost never there and the girl went home on weekends, so I had the place to myself a lot, which was great. The flat was on the ground floor, so despite great sunny weather outside, I lived in freezing conditions. But it was well-located for work and social life. My room consisted of a bed and a built in cupboard (already provided) and a very useful box (which I found on the street and stayed with me until I moved out). I started working too†¦giving English classes in the Bank of Mexico, some 20 hours a week, all 1-1 classes with mostly enjoyable students. As I had already found a football team, it meant I had found friends who took me out, to the cinema and every sunday the PUMAS (one of the local teams) game was a must. I was introduced to the stadium, the anthem (!!!!) and the during match entertainment (beer and crisps) and the after match entertainment (more beer, discussion of game, and strange activities like having electric shocks outside of the stadium). Although not completely my description of a great time, it was good fun nevertheless. I otherwise spent quite lazy weekends, enjoying the company of my friend Itziar and playing football. At the end of February, the football girls had a huge party, which was great great fun, a lovely, welcoming group of girls who know how to party. There I became better friends with a lot of them, which was very nice. The party was full of good food, dancing, dancing and dancing and when it ended, we decided to go to a friends’ house to continue the party, but we all ended up falling asleep there. So some good weekend action. I was invited by the family of my flatmates to Cuernavaca, which is the getaway for inhabitants of the big City. (btw, if New York City is the Big Apple, Mexico City must be something like the Big Papaya) I went out on the Saturday morning by bus and then spent quite a relaxed time in the house, which is quite a bit outside of the city center. We had a lovely meal and then they took me into the city center, where they, interestingly enough, put me on the tourist bus and I went around on that. Pity really, because the main square had some really interesting and fun dancing and singing going on, surrounded by people selling handcrafts and other oddities. So the bus ride was quite amusing, lots of historically interesting information that I forget while the guide is finishing the sentence. Cuernavaca is a nice city and the bus also took us on a walk through some park/ravine, which was also umm†¦nice. Then in the evening I met the family to have supper at a very good Italian restaurant before we headed back to their house, where I fell right to sleep (tired from the party, obviously). Sunday just meant a long sleep, another nice meal and then the return journey back to the city. So I got a look at what Cuernavaca was like, which was enjoyable. Next time, I’ll just go by myself to see more of the place instead of seeing it wizzing by from the Touribus.

Intellectual capital has become a key asset - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 7015 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The Ability to Learn Faster than your competitors may be only sustainable competitive advantage There is less to fear from outside competition then from inside inefficiency, miscalculation, lack of knowledge. Beat your competitors with the knowledge edge! Train your staff! ÂÂ  A person who graduated yesterday and stops studying today is uneducated tomorrow Competitive Strategy is about being different. It means deliberately choosing to perform activities differently or to perform different activities than rivals to deliver a unique mix of value. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Intellectual capital has become a key asset" essay for you Create order Michael E Porter Competitive Advantage is the Base for any Successful Business Strategies of Companies. We can create this competitive advantage through many routes. One such route is Knowledge Management. Why do we require Competitive Advantage? Competitive Advantage is required to have an edge over the competitors for attracting customers and protecting itself from the competitors. Companies need to Invest on Knowledge Management for creating sustainable competitive advantage which is the most dependable contributor to above-average profitability. In ever changing market place, where only certainty is uncertainty, corporate success come from consistently creating, disseminating and using new knowledge. Globalization, transformation of the enterprise, emergence of digital firm, and transformation of industrial economies are four powerful worldwide changes which have altered the business environment .Today business view is shifting from a product-centric to a knowledge-centr ic view. Companies cannot afford to under invest in using, reusing and losing knowledge that they already have. In this rapidly changing business environment, intellectual capital has become a key asset of the enterprise. The ability of companies to exploit their intangible assets has become far more decisive than their ability to invest and manage their physical assets .By managing its knowledge assets, an enterprise can improve its competitiveness and adaptability and increase its chances of success. Organizations are discovering that they need to do a better job of capturing, distributing, sharing, preserving, securing, and valuing this precious knowledge in order to stay ahead of their competition .Changing business environment has created need for the effective and efficient knowledge management. India can not lag behind in this knowledge revolution hence many Indian companies have started their knowledge management programs. This has initiated a basis for this study to be c arried out to understand knowledge management in Indian organization. This paper is part of larger study which I had undertaken to study KM in Indian organizations. Knowledge Life Cycle Model Defining Knowledge and Knowledge Management Knowledge is a whole set of intuition, reasoning, insights, experiences related to customers, products, processes, markets, competition and so on that enable effective action. Knowledge Management is a systematic, organized, explicit and deliberate ongoing process of creating, disseminating, applying, renewing and updating the knowledge for achieving organizational objectives . Knowledge management has three basic elements: 1. Generation of new knowledge 2. Dissemination of the knowledge 3. Application of the knowledge Basic Knowledge Processes WORLD ORGANIZATION OUTCOME Individual /Team Community Acquire Produce Integrate Knowledge Organizational Information/ Knowledge Learning Knowledge Training Validate Instruct/present Research or create knowledge. Published new Or knowledge Structure/Store Patented Knowledge. Information Expose to best Practices. Share Knowledge. A checklist for unlocking corporate knowledge 1. Business needs-and the kinds of knowledge required to fulfill them have to be identified first before tools and processes are implemented. Many initiatives have failed where technology has dictated knowledge management (KM). 2. Successful KM is about shifting culture and behavior-technology is an important element, but is subsidiary. Data Information Knowledge Action Results Technology Business Value Approach Approach SUPPLY DEMAND The DIKAR Model 3. A basic mechanism in large organizations is also one of the most effective: keeping tabs on who knows what-and how to get in touch with them. 4. Though improving, KM tools are often too complicated: they have to be delivered in a way executives and staff want to use them, and to adapt to the areas/depth of knowledge needed by the individual. 5. Markets, customers, technology and competition are continually changing; knowledge gets stale fast. Is the KM framework able to handle change? 6. Can the organization track whether knowledge is being acted on, and what value is gained from it? Even where knowledge flows quite efficiently round an organization, companies can often do more to ensure information is acted on. 7. Is there a means to learn from experience- good and bad-and share that learning when a similar situation occurs? A vast amount of resource is wasted in corporations just by unwittingly repeating the same mistakes, or failing to repeat useful discoveries. 8. Who leads KM? Many large organizations now have a dedicated head of KM, or at least a high-ranking sponsor, to ensure the right collaborative environment. 9. Bulletin boards and web logs have begun to prove their worth to a range of organizations: they supply an instant exchange of learning or can be used by executives to communicate and keep their ear to the ground. 10. You can only get people to volunteer knowledge-you cant force it. However, firms that provide forums, tools and opportunities for informal networking can encourage employees actively to share knowledge. Leveraging three types of knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Manage Phase As Body Of As Know-How Know How Informations M the Individual The Team NATURE Explicit Tacit Tacit OF Codifiable Personal Fluid KNOWLEDGE Is can play a part Diffuse Dependent on Packaged team dynamics Diffuse KM ISSUES Finding it Establishing Formal management Validation suitable extraction of essentially free-form Value assessment processes activity Obtaining it at Tight ownership Establishing suitable Reasonable cost Reluctance to impart frameworks and processes Integration with Motivation and reward Members own Own system Experiential so hard perception of their role Making available to to encode Mutual trust need The right population Trust 100% buy-in In the right form Finding suitable way Formal learning Sensible of technology of passing on learning mechanisms Ensuring subsequent Limited role for Dissemination Beneficial use technology Creating and using Knowledge repositories Technology has a Background role COMMON Knowledge about Knowledge (knowing it exists and where: KM ISSUES it s context and hence its importance) Understanding the relevant business context Ownership and buy-in to KM processes Updating and reuse of knowledge Demonstrating causal link between KM activity and business benefit The Indian Pharmaceutical industry The Indian pharmaceutical industry represents a successful high technology based industry, which has witnessed consistent growth over the last three decades. It is the 14th largest in the world accounting for a market of US$ 2.5 billion and 4th largest market by volume. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has developed enough capabilities to make the country self sufficient in health care needs and its export ability makes it a strategic trade sector in the Indian economy. The Indian pharmaceutical industry exports generic drugs to CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries, Africa, and recently to the highly regulated US and European markets. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is characterized by a low degree of concentration; a large number of firms with similar market shares, a low level of RD intensity ratios with a high level of brand proliferation. The need and incentive for innovation was undermined by low purchasing capability of the domestic market along with the ea se of imitation and horizontal product differentiation; features that are representative of an industry behind the technological frontier . The growth of the Indian industry was very slow till 1970. The Patent Act of 1972 and government investment in the drug industry infused life into the domestic pharmaceutical industry. The Act removed the product patents for pharmaceuticals, food and agro-chemicals, allowing patents only for production processes. The statutory term was shortened to seven years on pharmaceutical patents and automatic licensing put in place. It started the era of reverse engineering where firms developed new products by changing their production processes. During the last three decades the large private Indian pharmaceutical firms focused their efforts on reverse engineering oriented process RD, and activity was limited to applying known knowledge, or to making small adjustments in the contents . A few public laboratories under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) also operated in pharmaceutical RD, specifically imitative process RD. Production technologies were well mastered and the lag period between the launch of a new product in its first market and India was thus reduced, in some cases as low as two years. The Indian pharmaceutical industry represents a successful case of indigenous self-reliant development. But the objective of indigenization rather than innovation made RD in Indian pharmaceutical firms more insular, with a knowledge base firmly rooted in imitative reverse engineering process RD. As a result Indian pharmaceutical firms have accumulated extensive knowledge in process RD (synthetic and organic chemistry) but severe weakness in other scientific disciplines like medicinal chemistry and biology. The ease of imitation in reverse engineering further resulted in intense competition among Indian firms for market share, hampering the development of a collaborative web of networks of research institut es, academia and industry . The lack of trust resulting from the weak regulatory environment further prevented the development of research networks. The 1972 Patent Act therefore changed the pattern of competition towards volume / price led competition rather than traditional pharmaceutical competition based on the development of new medical treatments. From 1970 onwards Indian pharmaceutical firms slowly started dominating the domestic market reducing the market share and influence of Western companies. Today the market share of domestic firms is around 60-70% compared to 10% in 1970 . With the signing of WTO agreements, specifically TRIPS in 1994, the Indian industry and market structure is poised to change. In a product patent regime, Indian firms will have to look for new sources of growth in the future and the biggest source will be productive RD, which can deliver patentable innovations. Knowledge Management in Pharmaceutical Industry Pharmaceutical companies need kno wledge management solutions that allow users to store, analyze, interpret and share information as part of coordinated processes. They must also provide ways to collect and manage diverse information, and use it effectively to support decision-making. This means not only text documents, but also non-text files such as molecular structures, gene sequence alignments, images, results tables, entry forms and other information. It also includes links to key internal and external resources, discussion items, key e-mails, external search results, and status and summary reports. The sheer volume of information companies must wrestle with in the course of developing new drugs. Advances in biological and chemical research techniques have caused an explosion in raw data by several orders of magnitude. This compels companies to obtain automated analytic systems to deal with such large portfolios of data. It has also placed a priority on developing and offering timely access to summary inform ation. This requires a range of knowledge, project and portfolio management tools that promote deposition, sharing and coordination, such as: workflows, task lists, intelligent agents, portals at the personal, project and departmental level, advanced query tools, intranet spiders, etc., all of which can be tied together as part of an integrated knowledge management solution. Life science companies, collaborative software tool vendors, and industry consultants all seem to hold out great hope for this something call knowledge management. The reason is simple: With such massive data overload in the life sciences, companies realize it is to their advantage to find better ways to deal with and use this information. To use knowledge as a strategic advantage, life science companies take one of three broad approaches, which can be generically described as follows: Help scientists know whats already been done and by whom = Extract information, relationships, or new insights from exi sting diverse data sources = Capture the expertise and intellectual property of scientists One approach in using knowledge management is to give researchers a means to better understand whats already been done and who did it. A number of knowledge management projects aim to provide scientists and managers with tools that help them stay informed about what is going on within the company. This helps prevent researchers from duplicating a completed experiment or following a nonproductive path that has already been rejected. The worst-case scenario one that happens far too frequently is for a researcher to spend six months eliminating a particular drug candidate, only to find that a colleague had already drawn the same conclusion. Informing researchers that a co-worker is interested in the same topic is one way to avoid such duplication. Such an approach can also reap other benefits namely, time savings. Importance of Knowledge Management in Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Ind ustry The only sustainable competitive advantage of a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company is the organizations ability to efficiently create, protect and commercialize new intellectual property. Leadership in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is less and less about day-to-day clinical testing, manufacturing or sales. While many pharmaceutical companies have extensive expertise in those functions, similar expertise can obtained by contracted out to specialized organizations as CROs. The key competitive advantage for firms is the research and development of new intellectual property that forms the basis of successful research, manufacturing and distribution activities. New intellectual property not only includes the development of new chemical entities that can become INDs; it includes manufacturing techniques, regulatory compliance programs, marketing program design, and so forth. The active sharing of the knowledge held within the organization is essential if n ew intellectual property is to be quickly commercialized and with have a high degree of commercial success. Reducing time-to-market depends on knowledge management. At the same time, knowledge management is necessary to avoid repeated explorations of dead-ends unless knowledge of failures is shared, failures are repeated. Globalization Issues In RD Globalization of research and development requires collaboration across time zones and language barriers. The explicit focus of knowledge management on the sharing and use of knowledge can act to bridge diverse research and development teams. Few industries span the world in their research activities, as does the pharmaceutical industry. Lead synthesis, identification, validation, animal testing, formulation, and human testing can occur in a variety of nations. Sharing of knowledge also has applicability to manufacturing and marketing. The need for global uniformity in good manufacturing practices requires that personnel involved in that aspect exchange ideas to assure the highest quality production. While marketing channels differ across markets, knowledge from one market can have applicability in other, if only to avoid costly errors. Manpower Turnover The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is in a period of rapid change, and employee turnover is increasing due to new opportunities. It is also important that organizational knowledge does not leave with an employee the control aspects of knowledge management can act as an additional safeguard. High turnover of skilled scientists and other experts requires knowledge management in order to retain the key output of professionals: their own increase in knowledge from working within an organization. Every time a professional leaves an organization, they take with them the increase in their own knowledge that occurred during their tenure. Unless active steps are taken to extract that knowledge, synthesize and share it, so that it can be used, organizations lose the most important aspect of an employees contribution. Knowledge Management Solutions Its Challenges While the industry is driving the development of new knowledge management solutions (And finding better solutions to choose from), the industrys biggest challenge is increasingly the user. Many of the human-factor challenges (and costs) of moving to a knowledge management system come from the industrys long dependence on paper and paper processes. Pharmaceutical companies have very detailed, document intensive processes and approval procedures which, when combined with strict FDA rules and the common human-factor challenges, are a bad mix in a very high-stakes game. The biggest issues are proper use of systems to ensure compliance and user acceptance. Access Rights Pharmaceutical companies must have to ensure that only authorized and expected people can access records, and that any actions that they take which impact the records in any way are captured in an audit trail. When it comes to electronic signatures, FDA rules are very strict, so companies must carefully manage who can apply an electronic signature through workflows and password authentication to apply a signature. But they must also make sure that management staff understands that an e-signature is equivalent to signing in ink. Password policies should require that staff acknowledge this. In addition, a system that adds an image of a managers signature to a record, while not required under FDA regulations, reinforces that message. The other major factor is the tendency for employees to write down their passwords, and sometimes share them with colleagues. Rigorous password policies are a necessity to prevent this, but companies must find ways to constantly reinforce the message with employees. User Friendliness Critical information comes from the lab, so pharmaceutical companies must ensure that its easy for lab workers to use and contribute to a knowledge management system, while working in their unique environment. Systems must offer features that allow workers to add data by simple drag-and-drop, or preferably by automatic agents that capture key information and transfer it to the system without extra effort. Ultimately, these workers have to recognize that depositing information into the system is part of their job, like using a lab notebook. But systems can be designed to offer lab workers added value to encourage use of the system. For example, a comprehensive listing of hyperlinks to all available databases and application tools is helpful, but this can be extended by providing online discussion groups and training manuals. A lab protocol repository covering standard and company lab methods and procedures may also be attractive to lab workers, while also serving corporate goals. Th is would include being able to find methods used by other workers in the company to accomplish specific experimental tasks, and ways to search for recognized experts across the company. The Transformation Process of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry from Imitative to Innovative RD Structure In case of pharmaceutical RD, the process and product RD capabilities can be differentiated on the basis of complexities of knowledge base as basic, intermediate and advance level. Based on Bell and Pavit (1992), a basic level innovative capability is taken here as an ability to make minor adaptations to production and assimilate technology to firms environment. Intermediate innovative capability refers to the ability to generate incremental technical change in product design, quality and production processes, it also includes ability to search and evaluate external sources of technology. Advanced innovative capability refers to the ability to generate new products and process innovations. Knowledge base is categorized as simple and complex based on the nature of technological challenges involved in development of products and capabilities to develop those products. Traditionally, pharmaceutical RD has two distinct phases; product research and later, process development for prod uction. Process development occurs in parallel with the product development and is responsible for producing the compound in relatively large quantities, in extremely pure form, at an economically feasible cost and by following all the regulatory requirements. Product development research has two distinct components; discovery and development. In the discovery stage, drug molecules are obtained, screened and promising lead compounds are selected for development. The development stage involves a series of tests to determine safety, efficacy and proper dosage strength and form. The discovery stage represents the innovative phase in the pharmaceutical product RD. Learning or Absorptive Capacity Own R D Technological Knowledge External Knowledge Model of Sources of firms technological knowledge (Source: Cohen and Levinthal, 1990) In case of process RD, the capabilities in reverse engineering, generics RD and new drug delivery systems are mapped as basic, intermediate a nd innovative. Reverse engineering involves copying the manufacturing process using indigenous sources of technology while generic RD includes producing the product with non-infringing and innovative processes. New drug delivery system (NDDS) involves the development of technology to introduce a drug at diseased site in a novel way. New drug delivery system research has definitive and well defined boundaries of complexities. It represents an advance level of capability in terms of formulation research part of the process RD. In case of product RD analogue research, new target or new leads and original NCE research can be characterized as basic, intermediate and advanced level capabilities. Analogue research involves the modification of existing molecule which can provide better efficacy or reduce the side effects of existing molecules. This research involves use of already discovered molecules and targets so the requirements of skills in lead optimization or target validation are limited in it. The intermediate capability in product RD represented by new target or new leads requires higher skills than analogue research. The novelty in terms of new leads or new targets will demand deep knowledge about areas like structure activity relationship. Finally the total original research will involve putting up whole new hypothesis about the disease and its treatment. It will require in-depth knowledge about biological and chemical aspect of disease as well as skills in areas like target validation and lead optimization. In case of a pharmaceutical firm, the product platform can be at many levels. For example, an aggregated classification of a pharmaceutical firm may be as an organic or inorganic molecule form. The other dimension involves the breadth of disease segments targeted. A firm could pursue only organic molecules for say two or three diseases or alternatively it can be one diseased focused firm. The analysis of innovative Indian pharmaceutical fir ms capabilities in process and product RD suggests that in terms of process RD, firm B has acquired advance level of capability in process RD while other firms are at intermediate level. In terms of product RD, firm A has acquired the capabilities to conduct research involving new leads or new molecules whereas other firms are at analogue research stage. This classification of process and product RD capabilities assist in tracking the intricacies involved in transformation of capabilities to move from imitative process RD capability (reverse engineering RD) to innovative process and product capabilities. The difference of knowledge base, organisational processes and capabilities required in imitative RD and innovative RD shows that firm having advance level competencies in imitative process RD may start with no or basic level capabilities in innovative product RD. Innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms have developed basic level of process RD capabilities through imitative RD and as a response to change in patent law innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms are moving towards the development of advance level process and product RD capabilities. This movement involved integration of existing capabilities with newly acquired knowledge but crucially it also involved the unlearning of non-relevant capabilities or rigidities. How Reverse engineering Resulted scientists in discovery of R D? The success in imitative RD drew on branches of chemistry like synthetic chemistry, organic chemistry and basic pharmacology. Firms in their RD laboratories employed organic and synthetic chemist who could reverse engineered any molecule or developed efficient and cheap processes for any patent protected molecule. However, the innovative RD is about motivating scientists to think out of box or think differently in novel and creative way. For example if there is anti-diabetic molecule already in the market, then discovering a different molecule to cure disease with new therapy or fewer side effects and better efficacy. Firm Es head of new drug discover explained for new drug discovery you can get good chemist here but they dont have expertise of how to design molecule, how to look at receptor, how to look at molecular modeling . If you are not trained then its difficult to understand the interactions. IN OUT NEW Mindset Culture of innovation Understanding of the Pharmaceutical a. Short term vision of RD RD management RD b. Domestic market focused mechanism thinking Complimentary technological Research talent Assets: Skills in Pharmacology, Reverse Engineering a. expertise in medicinal Analytical chemistry, process RD experienced scientists in chemistry and biology (for development phase) discovery RD b. Scientists with experience -Sources of knowledge created in product RD through distribution, marketing RD management c. Incentive Schemes for routes in overseas markets Practices Scientists RD Infrastructure a. Resource allocation Product RD Infrastructure b. Project review Existing Relationships with research institutes In-house nature of RD Networking and collaboration capabilities The researching skill required in innovative RD differs from imitative RD in terms of design and conduct of experiments as firm Bs former RD president elaborates the organic chemist in process devel opment lab works on or run the batches of 10 kg or 20 kg whereas in drug discovery laboratories he does the milligram jobs and this switch can be difficult. The process RD is about developing scale intensive manufacturing processes, so experiments involve changing solvents temperature, pressures and studying their impact on the output, safety and cost. Due to working on these parameters scientists creates his own biases and ways of working which are suitable for process RD but becomes irrelevant in innovative product RD. Firm Es head of new drug discovery explains There is this scientist; he was head of one group of the generic people. So I tried this scientist for eight months in new drug discovery, he couldnt able to deliver anything to me. Finally I have to ask him to please go back to generics now. This is my personal experience, with reverse engineering experienced scientists, it is difficult. Innovative RD requires scientists skilled in a wide range of disciplines and scientis ts working in innovative Indian firms lacked the knowledge in those of disciplinary areas. Firm Fs strategic planning director explains what you need is innovative chemistry so which is not same as reverse engineering. So in fact we do not prefer the people in discovery chemistry who have the experience of reverse engineering. If the scientist has done some non-infringing work or he has done some original work then we will take him but not only process development because you just cant take a good process chemist and try to make him a good medicinal chemist or a chemist who is able to deliver on an innovative chemistry or chemistry which he is not done before. Therefore the innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms have not employed process development scientists for new chemical entity research and have hired the product RD experienced scientists or fresh scientists for innovative product RD. Firm Ds RD president suggests I mean they have to break the routines, they are aware about th at. So that is why they have to hire people who are not already mentally set for the routines. RD Projects Management The reverse engineering method of product development required relatively little communication of knowledge across the boundaries of the firm or across disciplines or therapeutic areas within the firm. Firms were organized RD functionally with chemist at the heart of the process and pharmacologist working down stream. However, according to Henderson et al., (1999) innovative pharmaceutical RD needs the exchange of knowledge across the boundaries of the firm and across disciplinary and therapeutic class of boundaries within the firm. The innovative RD requires the input from various disciplinary knowledge bases and success in product RD is linked with organizational ability to integrate knowledge across disciplines. Therefore innovative RD requires different mechanisms to manage, design and review research project than imitative RD. Firm Es head of new drug discovery suggests your mind is set for reverse engineering and to transform that mind into new drug discovery you need to know lot of pharmacology, toxicology and pharmacokinetics. If you know only chemistry, you can not design the molecule. You have to look at the total pharmacology of that particular disease, then bioavailability issue, toxicology issues. This need for integrating different disciplinary knowledge bases shows that the organizational practices and routines accumulated in imitative RD can not be applied in innovative RD. The other important issue is RD infrastructure required for innovative RD. The present RD infrastructure in Indian pharmaceutical firms is adequate for process RD research but will need up-gradation in case of innovative product RD projects. The innovative RD requires the state of the art instrumentation specifically in key disciplines like chemistry and biology. The emergence of drug discovery technologies like combinatorial chemistry or high through put screening has transformed the drug discovery process. Change in Mindset The Need Of The Hour The most important issue that has emerged is mindset to migrate from reverse engineering towards creating and generating innovation led products. Indian pharmaceutical firms have over the year gain immediate returns on the RD investments and mostly competed in domestic market on the basis of cheap albeit efficient production processes. But in case of innovative product RD the life cycle of product development is long and takes 10-15 years. So firm have to be mentally prepared for committing the resources for 8-10 years without returns on those investments. Former RD president of B comments it is a mind set problem; those making profits dont want to invest in product RD. The costs involved in drug discovery and development are really enormous and returns dont come fast. Most of Indian firms have this habit of getting quick returns and so if a firm wants quick return on the investment, its not going to be there. Although the innovative Indian firms have increased RD investments from 1995 but there is wider consensus about potential to increase RD investment. Firm Bs RD vice president defends the gradual increase of RD investment saying that every company needs to develop its own comfort zone of risk and links the issue to the mindset problem. He accepts the difficulty of convincing people to make a commitment of huge investment without any foreseeable returns for 8-10 years, and cite this as a reason for the gradual increase in RD investment. In case of innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms, mindsets shaped by practices of getting immediate return on RD investments, inferior technology and domestic market focused thinking has emerged as one of the main rigidity to move from imitative RD to innovative product RD. Change Required In In-house nature of RD In the reverse engineering era Indian pharmaceutical firms built process RD capabilities in-house as profits were totally linked to the efficient and cheap production process. The intense competition and lack of trust due to weak regularity environment shaped the in-house nature of RD, resulting in total lack of collaborations between industry and academia. However the areas of innovative RD require contribution from various disciplinary areas like medicinal chemistry, biology and pharmacology which are advancing at an extraordinary rapid rate. The scientists working in innovative RD need to be current with a wide range of specialized knowledge. The Indian pharmaceutical firms are chemistry based but biological knowledge and talent in India is concentrated in research institutes like Indian Institute of Sciences, National Institute of Immunology, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology and others. The analysis points out that in case of Indian pharmaceutical firms the main rig idities that have emerged are a. imitative RD organizational routines, b. in-house nature of RD and c. organizational mindset shaped by short term vision of RD investments and domestic market focused approach. The difference of knowledge base, organizational practices in imitative and innovative RD implies that the processes and capabilities that served firm well in the past may not be relevant in new environment. According to Leonard Barton (1994) core rigidities are flip side of core capabilities and represent the gap between current environmental requirements and a firms core capabilities. The deeply embedded knowledge system sets actively create problems and so the firm has to get rid of these rigidities. In case of Indian pharmaceutical firms the important part of learning is unlearning or forgetting the past behavior, which is redundant or unsuccessful. Hedberg (1981) points out that knowledge grows and simultaneously it becomes obsolete as reality changes. Unders tanding involves both learning new knowledge and discarding obsolete and misleading knowledge. The discarding activity unlearning is as important part of understanding as adding in new knowledge and slow unlearning is crucial weakness of many organizations in development of new capabilities. So in case of innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms getting rid of rigidities accumulated in reverse engineering era formed the important part of learning in development of innovative RD capabilities. The analysis of innovative pharmaceutical firms suggests that RD infrastructure, complimentary manufacturing and marketing assets, linkages with research institutes and understanding about the pharmaceutical RD are relevant capabilities in innovative RD. In addition to that firms added new knowledge in key product RD disciplines like medicinal chemistry, biology and build product RD infrastructure to facilitate the development of innovative RD capabilities and created culture of innovation in their RD to foster the innovative RD. To sum up, some of the processes and capabilities accumulated through imitative RD can actively create problems in innovative RD where projects are designed to develop new, non traditional products and capabilities. This indicates that as firms move from imitative process RD to innovative product RD, they will have to get rid of those capabilities which are useful in process RD but can become rigidities in product RD. Therefore in case of innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms unlearning of obsolete abilities formed an important constituent in transformation of capabilities from imitative RD to innovative product RD. Firms were also needed to acquire new capabilities and combine it with existing relevant capabilities to create capabilities in innovative product RD. Next section elaborates on the learning processes involved in development of innovative RD capabilities in firms under study. Knowledge base Innovative Indian firms gradually created the capability for generic RD by assimilating and improving on process RD capabilities. The exposure to global markets, realization of future regulatory changes and creative orientation to imitative research, all facilitated the development of the research tradition in these firms. The influence of accumulated knowledge and strong chemistry skill is reflected in the RD strategies employed by all innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms in product RD. All these firms choose analogue research to venture in new drug discovery as this research strategy involves chemistry base in terms of modifying the molecular structure to produce the drug with more efficacy or less side effects. At the same time these firms began increasing their investment in RD from 1995 but this gained momentum in 2000, which resulted in building the absorptive capacity required in understanding the advances happening at the technological front. The RD intensity of Indian firms is consistently growing from 2000 although it is still much less compared to the RD intensity of large pharmaceutical firms. But according to some respondents, the cost of development of a drug in India could be a tenth of the international cost. New Knowledge Acquisition By Various Processes And Methods Innovative Indian firms started building innovative capabilities by hiring Indian scientists working overseas on innovative RD in laboratories of multinational pharmaceutical firms.In India only a handful of scientists had experience in innovative RD and these scientists became the guides for the transformation. According to the pharmaceutical consultant, these firms focused on RD scientists and started investing in them . The main constraint was lack of scientists trained in areas of medicinal chemistry and biology. To over-come this constraint, firms targeted returning post graduates and post doctorates from overseas universities. Currently around 20% of scientists working on innovative research projects have either trained at overseas universities, or have working experience abroad in MNC laboratories. Firm As RD president explains Our target was returning post grads who have gone abroad to do either PhD or post docs, they were returning and were very good. Collaborative R D has emerged as one of key mechanisms for knowledge acquisition for Indian pharmaceutical firms. These firms didnt have the skills, infrastructure or resources in-house to carry out certain functions and activities in innovative product RD. In such cases these firms collaborated and interacted with the Indian as well as overseas research institutes, universities and got work done. Firm As RD president explains the rationale behind the collaboration with research institutes and universities, Drug discovery is very complicated and you may not have everything in house, we cant and we dont have everything in house so you have to. Its a sort of collaborative approach, a collaborative process. How To Gather New Knowledge? To create an environment for creative research, firms are changing their approach towards publication and have started to understand its importance for the growth of RD. Scientists publication in conferences is now valued and encouraged more. As one senior RD scientist from firm D suggests, publication is certainly an incentive to the scientist, there is no doubt about that and we also need to showcase our science, it stimulates scientists to think. These firms are encouraging scientists to take training in new scientific tools or allowing them to pursue their academic ambitions while working in organizations. These firms have manufacturing and marketing centers all over the world including US and Europe and as a result, they could make the best research facilities accessible to their scientists. This allows scientists from these firms to pursue their academic interests and this are also encouraged by firms. These firms set up separate RD centers with state of the art analyti cal instruments, totally dedicated to innovative RD. These firms changed RD structures, started new divisions to manage IPR, as well as established new disciplinary divisions and adopted matrix style of project management in RD. Some firms even opened laboratories in developed countries to make use of the knowledge spillover and attract research talent which was reluctant to shift to India. These firms concentrated on providing more experience to these scientists by giving them opportunities to design research projects, as well as freedom to work on chosen therapeutic areas. To increase the quality of the interactions with international scientists, these firms have set up scientific advisory boards (SAB) which meet every quarter or half yearly to review the research. The SAB contains well known scientists from overseas as well as Indian academia. This forum provides an opportunity to scientists from these firms to have closer interactions with these experts, and as one of the res earch scientist from firm A suggest all of which generates valuable feedback and built the confidence of researchers. Knowledge Transfer Mechanisms Innovative Indian firms are building research networks by involving themselves in lot of joint projects with Indian as well as overseas research institutes, and research companies. These firms have set up different departments to scout opportunities for collaboration. During collaboration, these firms are sending their scientists to work in collaborators RD. This has changed the nature of the RD in these firms; from insular in-house RD, to the collaborative network model. The analysis of innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms knowledge transfer mechanisms suggest that the collaboration with research institutes and universities formed an important constituent in innovative Indian pharmaceutical efforts to develop innovative capabilities. Assimilating Various Knowledge Bases It was not enough to just hire the scientist or build new RD centers, the difficult part was to increase the cross disciplinary understanding of the scientists. To achieve that these firms focused on increasing the interactions and communications between different specialized knowledge groups by building cross-disciplinary teams of scientists from different disciplines like biology, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, intellectual property rights. This firm level analysis of RD in Indian pharmaceutical firms shows that Indian firms are developing the capability in innovative RD by acquiring new components of knowledge and reconfiguring the architectural linkages between these components in a new way. The new components of knowledge were acquired by hiring new product RD experienced scientists, adopting network model of collaborative RD and increasing RD investments. Conclusion Challenges facing the industry revolve around manpower and early stage funding. There is severe paucity of trained personnel, the only solution being recruiting fresh graduates and training them on the job. Such a situation leads to rampant poaching of trained people from other companies. RD in the pharmaceutical industry is multi-faceted and draws upon the expertise of molecular biologists, synthetic and analytical chemists, genomics and proteomics specialists, pharmacologists and medical practitioners. Closely associated with these are regulatory and quality assurance functions. However, according to industry sources, pharmaceutical companies find a huge dearth of skilled resources in the critical areas of early stage drug discovery as compared to chemistry or analytical chemistry wherein the talent is easily available. A considerable challenge faced by the industry is venture capital (VC) funding, which in India is severely limited. Funding pertains to private equity (PE) players that invest when the candidate reaches the development phase. The focus is more towards the D rather the R in RD. Most venture capitalists are unwilling to invest in biotech RD. Rather, they want to fund companies whose products and markets are clearly identified or commercialization of technologies already developed.